Other tumors like neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) are often indolent and treatable ( Antonello et al., 2009). More than 90% of pancreatic cancers are exocrine tumors, being the most frequent type, PDAC. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the worst 5-year relative survival rate in comparison to all other solid tumors and has been prognosed to become the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States by 2030 after lung cancer ( Chu et al., 2017 McGuigan et al., 2018). We suggest the incorporation of 3D organoids derived from genetically engineered mouse models or patients as promising new tools capable to transform PDAC pre-clinical modeling and access new frontiers in personalized medicine. Consequently, there is a compelling demand for new preclinical models that mirror tumor progression incorporating the pressure of the immune system, tumor microenvironment, as well as molecular aspects of PDAC. A key field to be improved are modeling strategies applied in assessing cancer progression, since traditional platforms fail in recapitulating the complexity of PDAC. Improved comprehension of the mechanisms leading to metastasis is pivotal for the development of new targeted therapies. Metastatic disease is already found in most patients at the time of diagnosis, resulting in a 5-year survival rate below 5%. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a hostile solid malignancy coupled with an extremely high mortality rate. 2Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.1Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.Maria Miquel 1,2†, Shuman Zhang 1,2† and Christian Pilarsky 1,2*
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